Mayelana noMlobi
UDkt. Liu Wei, Umqondisi we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone
I-PhD kwiSayensi Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo enolwazi olukhethekile kwezobuchwepheshe bokwenza amatshe. Ithuthukise imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukubaza kwendabuko kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwe-CNC kumaphrojekthi okwakha angaphezu kuka-180. Ishicilele ucwaningo ngamaphethini okugqoka amathuluzi ekushiseni amatshe ku-Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
- Ukuhlobisa amatshe esonto kulinganisela izidingo ezine zobunjiniyela ngesikhathi esisodwa: umthwalo wesakhiwo, ukumelana nomlilo, ukuphepha phansi, kanye nokuziphatha kwe-acoustic.
- Ama-altare e-mable, izinsika zamatshe eziqoshiwe, kanye nemifanekiso eqoshiwe phansi kwakha umsebenzi wamatshe wakudala wangaphakathi kwesonto, ngamunye unomqondo wawo wokwenza izinto.
- Ukulondolozwa kwamatshe esonto omlando kulandela izinqubo ezishicilelwe, lapho i-Getty Conservation Institute kanye ne-ICCROM bebeka izindinganiso ezisebenzayo.
- ISonto LaseCologne lathatha iminyaka engu-632 ukuqeda, kanti iSagrada Família ibilokhu yakhiwa kusukela ngo-1882 — amaphrojekthi amatshe alinganiswa ngezizukulwane.
- Ezitezi zesonto, ukuqedwa okucwebezelisiwe, okubhulashiwe, noma okushisiwe kuyathandwa kune-polish ecwebezelayo ngoba ukumelana nokushelela okumanzi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokukhanya.
Kungani Itshe Libalulekile Ekuhlobiseni Isonto Nokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Ezingcwele
Itshe liyinto ehlotshaniswa kakhulu nengcwele ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseNtshonalanga. Kusukela kuma-basilica aseRoma kuya kuma-cathedral aseGothic, kwakhiwa izindonga ezithwala imithwalo, izinsika, izitezi, nama-altare, futhi izizathu azikaze zibe ubuhle kuphela. Itshe lithwala isisindo, limelana nomlilo, futhi - ngokubaluleke kakhulu endaweni yokukhulekela - lishintsha indlela umsindo oziphatha ngayo. Isonto elimbozwe ngemabula ne-limestone alibukeki nje lihlukile ehholo lezingodo; lizwakala lihlukile, lizwakala lipholile ehlobo, futhi limelela amakhulu eminyaka. Lokho kuhlanganiswa kokusebenza ngokomzimba nokomfanekiso yilokho umhlobiso wamatshe esonto ohlela ukukuhlela.
Ibhukwana lesonto lihlukile kunoma yiliphi ihhotela noma indawo yokuhlala. Amabandla alindele ukuqina okulinganiswa ngezizukulwane, ukuqedwa okungakhanyi ngaphansi kokukhanya kwamakhandlela, phansi okuhlala kuphephile lapho amabhuzu asebusika edlula eqhweni, kanye nemihlobiso esekela inkonzo esikhundleni sokuncintisana nayo. Lezi zithiyo zinciphisa iphalethi lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi zilola izidingo zobungcweti, yingakho amaphrojekthi esonto ehlala eyingxenye edingayo embonini yamatshe.
Izidingo Ezikhethekile Zokuhlobisa Amatshe Esonto
Ukuklama itshe lesonto kusho ukuklama umthwalo, ukuphepha, umsindo, kanye nokugcinwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izidingo ezine zibusa yonke imininingwane yetshe lesonto, futhi zifanele ukuhlolwa ngokulandelana.
Ubuqotho Besakhiwo: Amakholomu Amatshe, Ama-Arches, kanye Nezindlela Zomthwalo
Amabandla agxilisa amatshe asindayo ngamakholomu, ama-arches, kanye nokumbozwa kodonga. Ikholomu yemabula eqinile enobude obuyi-3 m kanye nobubanzi obuyi-300 mm inesisindo esingaba ngu-570 kg ngobuningi bemabula obuyi-2,700 kg/m³ — isikhumbuzo sokuthi yonke into eqondile iyisinqumo sesakhiwo. Amakholomu angama-monolithic noma ahlanganiswe ngezigaba ngama-dowels ensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-epoxy; amaphaneli okumbozwa asebenzisa izikhonkwane ezingagqwali ezinobukhulu ngokubalwa kwesakhiwo. Ezindaweni ezinyakazayo, ama-bracket okuvimba kanye namajoyinti okunyakaza kuyimpoqo, ngoba amandla okucindezela amatshe (ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-7,000 kuya ku-15,000 psi ngemabula nge-ASTM C170) adlula kakhulu amandla ayo okubamba — itshe liqinile ekucindezelweni kodwa liyaphuka lapho ligoba.
Ukumelana Nomlilo Nokuphepha Kwaphansi Ezindaweni Zokukhulekela Zomphakathi
Amatshe emvelo awashi, futhi amatshe amaningi athola izilinganiso zokusabalala komlilo ze-Class A ngaphansi kwe-ASTM E84, okuyisilinganiso sezinto zokwakha eNyakatho Melika. Lokho kwenza kube ukukhetha kwemvelo kwamasonto lapho amakhandlela, impepho, kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi ezigugile zihlala khona. Iphansi liyinkinga ehlukile: imigwaqo kanye nama-narthexs abona izicathulo ezimanzi kanye nokuminyana okukhulu kwezimoto. Ama-specifiers avame ukudinga i-wet dynamic coefficient of friction engu-0.42 noma ngaphezulu, elinganiswa ngokwe-ANSI A326.3, ekhomba ukuqedwa okucijile, okuxutshwe ngebhulashi, noma okuvutha amalangabi kunokugcoba okucwebezelayo ezindaweni zokujikeleza kwegazi.
I-Acoustics: Indlela Itshe Elibumba Ngayo Umsindo Wesikhala Esingcwele
Itshe libonakalisa umsindo; isonto elikhulu letshe liyithuluzi le-acoustic ngokwalo. Izikhathi zokuphindaphinda zemizuzwana emihlanu noma ngaphezulu zilinganiswa njalo ema-cathedral amakhulu, yingakho umculo we-plainsong kanye nomculo we-organ wathuthuka ngendlela athuthuka ngayo. Umphumela womklamo ukulinganisela: itshe lephansi kanye nezinsika, kodwa ukhuni, indwangu, kanye ne-plaster yama-pews, ophahleni, kanye namaphaneli odonga lapho kudingeka khona ukumuncwa. Ukufakwa kwe-mosaic namaphaneli aqoshiwe kwengeza ukugxila okubonakalayo ngaphandle kokushintsha isabelomali se-acoustic.
Amatshe Esonto Akudala: Ama-altare, Amafonti, Amakholomu, kanye Nephansi
Izinto ezine zamatshe zithwala iningi lesisindo senkonzo kanye nesakhiwo esontweni: i-altare, i-ambo, ifonti yokubhapathiza, kanye nohlelo lwekholomu. Ngayinye inomqondo wayo wokuqamba.
Ama-altare Emabula, Ama-Ambos, kanye Nezikhonkwane Zokubhapathiza
I-altare liyisikhungo senkonzo, futhi imabula ihlala iyimpahla evame kakhulu kuyo. Ukwenziwa kwayo kuhluka kusukela ebhulokini elilodwa elicwengekile kuya esakhiweni esihlanganisiwe esinamaphaneli okusiza aqoshiwe. Umsebenzi ohlanganisiwe owakhiwe nguDkt. Liu Wei — i-CNC rough profile elandelwa ukubaza ngesandla kwezithombe nokubumba — kufanelana kahle nalesi sigaba somkhiqizo: imishini isusa impahla, izandla ziqedela incazelo. Ama-ambo nama-pulpit alandela umqondo ofanayo ngezinga elincane, ngokuvamile enobukhulu bokufunda ukuze kubambe incwadi evulekile ngokunethezeka.
Amakholomu Amatshe Aqoshiwe kanye nama-Pilaster Ezangaphakathi Zesonto
Amakholomu nama-pilaster anika isonto isigqi salo esiqondile. Izihloko ezinkulu zaseKorinte ezinamahlamvu e-acanthus zihlala ziyindlela ejwayelekile yangaphakathi kwesonto, zilandelwa yimiqulu ye-Ionic; imicu egobile yengeza ukudlala kokukhanya nesithunzi okungekho amasilinda alula. Ngenxa yokuthi amasonto athanda ukulingana, amabhangqa e-pilaster kanye nezihloko ezinkulu ezifanayo zidinga i-geometry ehambisanayo kumayunithi amaningi - ncamashi lapho ukudweba okulawulwa yi-CNC kanye nemininingwane yesandla kuhlangana khona.ukubaza amatshe ngokwezifisofuthiizinsika zamatshe eziqoshiwekusuka kumenzi oyedwa kugcina isethi ingaguquguquki.
Izitezi Zesonto kanye Nezimbozo Ezifakwe Ngomosaic: Indlela Yokuhambela
Iphaseji liyindlela ehamba ngodwendwe, futhi phansi kwesonto kuklanyelwe ukuhamba kancane. I-limestone ecwebezelayo noma i-travertine ifanelana ne-nave; imabula eneukufakwa kwe-mosaicKuphawula indawo engcwele kanye nekwaya. Isiko lijulile — amasonto aseByzantine ekhulu lesi-5 nelesi-6 abeka ama-mosaic ephansi ngendlela ye-opus tesellatum, futhi lo mkhuba awuzange uphume ngokuphelele esakhiweni sesonto. Imingcele nama-medallions esiphambanweni noma ngaphambi kwe-altare abeka uhlaka lwe-axis yesonto.
Ukubuyiselwa Nokulondolozwa Kwemisebenzi Yamatshe Yesonto Yomlando
Iningi lamatshe esonto lihlala isikhathi eside kunezakhi zalo zokuqala, okwenza ukuvuselelwa kube yingxenye ehlala njalo yokuhlobisa amatshe esonto. Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kuyisifundo esinezinqubo ezishicilelwe, futhi izikhungo zalo mkhakha zibeka imithetho esebenzayo.
Izindlela Zokuhlanza Ukulondolozwa Kwetshe Lesonto
Indlela yokuhlanza kumele ihambisane nohlobo lwetshe kanye nokuwohloka kwalo. Ukufakwa kwe-mist emanzini okucindezela okuphansi, ama-poultice okukhipha usawoti, kanye nokuhlanza nge-laser kwama-crusts amnyama kuyithuluzi elijwayelekile; ukuqhumisa i-sandblasting i-limestone ethambile kuyiphutha elivamile elibhubhisa imininingwane eqoshiwe.I-Getty Conservation InstitutefuthiI-ICCROMshicilela isiqondiso sensimu ngalezi zindlela zokwelapha, futhi iseluleko sabo sisebenza emasontweni esifunda kanye nakuma-cathedral.
Ukuthola Itshe Elizofakwa Esikhundleni Sezakhiwo Zesonto Ezingokomlando
Itshe elizofakwa esikhundleni kufanele lifane nendwangu yomlando ngokwakheka, ukubhoboka, umbala, kanye nokuqedwa kwayo — hhayi nje ngokubukeka kwayo. Imibhalo ibalulekile: izivumelwano zokulondolozwa zidinga amarekhodi okuthi itshe elisha lavelaphi, ukuthi lasikwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelashwa ezatholwa. Ngokwandiswa kwesimanje, abakhi abaningi baqhathanisa ngamabomu itshe elisha nelidala kunokuba balilingise, isu eligcina ubuqiniso bendwangu yomlando ngenkathi lenza ukungenelela kufundeke.
Amacala Akudala: AmaKhathedrali Akhiwe Etsheni
Izakhiwo ezimbili zibonisa ububanzi bokwakhiwa kwamatshe esonto: esinye saqedwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-632, esinye sisaqhubeka.
ISonto LaseCologne: Iminyaka engu-632 Yokwakhiwa Kwetshe Le-Lime
ISonto LaseCologne laqala ngo-1248 futhi laqedwa ngo-1880 — iminyaka engu-632 yokwakha amatshe cishe okuqhubekayo, kwaqhutshwa phezu kwetshe lendawo kanye nenkolelo eqinile yokuthi imidwebo yokuqala yayifanele ukuqedwa. Lalibhalwe phezu kwalo.Uhlu Lwamagugu Omhlaba lwe-UNESCOngo-1996. Kubathengisi bamatshe, isonto elikhulu liwubufakazi obuhlala njalo bokuthi imininingwane yetshe le-limestone, uma inakekelwe kahle, ihlala ifundeka ngemva kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa eminyaka.
I-Sagrada Família: Isakhiwo Samatshe Sisaqhubeka
I-Sagrada Família eBarcelona ibilokhu yakhiwa kusukela ngo-1882. Umklamo ka-Antoni Gaudí usebenzisa amatshe avela ezinkwalini ezizungeze iCatalonia, futhi imibhoshongo manje iphakama ngokuhlanganiswa kokusikwa kwamatshe kwendabuko kanye nokwakhiwa kwedijithali. Lo msebenzi ukhombisa uchungechunge lwamatshe esonto lwanamuhla olusebenzayo: ukukhethwa kwenkaba, ubunjiniyela bezakhiwo, ukuprofayili ye-CNC, kanye nokuqedwa ngesandla ngokugeleza okukodwa okuqhubekayo — ukuhamba komsebenziamaphrojekthi okwakha isonto nezenkoloukulindela okwengeziwe kumkhiqizi oyedwa.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokuhlobisa Amatshe Esonto
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-marble ne-limestone ngaphakathi kwesonto?
I-Marble iyidwala elishintshashintshayo elithatha ukucwebezela okuphezulu futhi libonisa imithambo egqamile, efanelekile kuma-altare, amakholomu, kanye nama-medallion aphansi. I-Limestone iyitshe eliyi-sedimentary elinobuso obuthambile, obufanayo, obuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukumbozwa odongeni kanye nezindawo ezithule phansi. I-Limestone ibiza kancane futhi iyaklwebheka kalula; imabula inikeza idrama ebonakalayo enamandla kanye nokucwebezela.
I-altare noma ipulpiti eliqoshiwe lenziwe kanjani?
Inqubo iqala ngokuskena noma imodeli ye-3D, kulandelwe ukuqoshwa okungekuhle emishinini ye-CNC, bese kuqedwa ngesandla ngabaqophi bezithombe ukuze bathole imininingwane efana nezithombe zokuhlobisa kanye nokubumba. Izindawo zihlungwa ngamathuluzi edayimane bese zivalwa ngaphambi kokulethwa. I-altare eliphakathi nendawo elinomdwebo wokuhlobisa ngokuvamile lidinga izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-60 zokukhiqiza.
Yimaphi amatshe afanelekela phansi kwesonto?
Ukuqeda okucijile, okuxutshwe ngebhulashi, nokushisiwe kufaneleka phansi kwesonto ngoba kunciphisa ingozi yokushelela futhi kufihla ukuguguleka kangcono kunetshe elicwebezelisiwe. Imabula ecwebezelisiwe ifaneleka kuma-altare nasezindongeni lapho abantu behamba khona ngezinyawo bephansi. Ngezindawo zokungena kanye nezindawo ze-narthex, chaza ukuqeda okune-texture bese uqinisekisa i-wet dynamic coefficient of friction ngaphambi koku-oda.
Ingabe amasonto anamuhla adinga itshe lemvelo, noma ingabe izinto zokwakha zingalithatha indawo yalo?
Itshe lemvelo aliphoqelekile; i-porcelain, i-terrazzo, kanye netshe elenziwe ngobunjiniyela lingahlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe. Itshe lemvelo lihlala livamile ngenxa yokuziphatha kwalo kwe-acoustic, i-patina yalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nokuhambisana kwalo nendwangu yasendulo. Lapho kwandiswe noma kuvuselelwa amasonto asendulo, iziqondiso zokulondolozwa kwemvelo zivame ukudinga izinhlobo zamatshe emvelo ezihambisanayo kanye nokuqedwa.
Yibuphi ubukhulu obudingekayo kuma-slab phansi esonto lapho kunezimoto eziningi?
Iningi lephansi lesonto lisebenzisa ama-slab obukhulu obungu-20 mm, kanye no-30 mm ocacisiwe wezindawo zokungena, ama-narthexes, kanye nezindawo zokungena lapho imithwalo igxila khona. Amatshe kumele ahlale endaweni eqinile enezindawo zokuxhuma ezifanele; amathayili amancane angu-10 mm awanconywa ezindleleni zokujikeleza ezinkulu ezakhiweni zomphakathi ngoba ayaqhekeka ngaphansi kwemithwalo egxilile.
Kufanele ihlolwe kangaki imisebenzi yamatshe yesonto yomlando?
Kunconywa ukuhlola okubonakalayo okungenani kanye ngonyaka, kugxilwe ezinsikeni, ezinhlokweni ezinkulu, kanye nasetsheni langaphandle ukuze kutholakale imifantu, ukukhanya kosawoti, kanye nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlolwa okugcwele kwesakhiwo kuvame ukuhlelwa njalo eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kweyi-10, noma ngokushesha ngemva kweziphepho, ukudlidliza okuvela ekwakhiweni okuseduze, noma yisiphi isenzakalo esibalulekile esithinta isakhiwo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-07-2026