Mayelana noMlobi
UDkt. Liu Wei, Umqondisi we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone
I-PhD kwiSayensi Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo ngobuchwepheshe bokwenza amatshe. Yakha imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukubaza kwendabuko kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwe-CNC kumaphrojekthi okwakha angaphezu kuka-180. Yashicilela ucwaningo ngamaphethini okugqoka amathuluzi ekushiseni amatshe ku-Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Izinto Ezibalulekile ze-TL;DR
- Izicelo zamatshe omnyuziyamu zidinga ukuqina okungavamile ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nezigidi zezivakashi zaminyaka yonke ngenkathi zigcina ubuhle bazo
- Ukukhethwa kwamatshe eminyuziyamu kumele kulinganise izidingo zokulondolozwa nombono wokwakha
- Izitezi, udonga, kanye nobuso bokubonisa ngabunye budinga izakhiwo zamatshe ezihlukile kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza
- Izinqubo zokulungisa ezindaweni zomnyuziyamu zihluke kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwamatshe kwezentengiselwano noma kwezindawo zokuhlala
Isicelo Setshe LeMyuziyamu: Inhlanganisela Ephelele Yokuqina Nobuciko
Amamyuziyamu aletha enye yezindawo ezidinga kakhulu amatshe emvelo ekwakhiweni kwezentengiselwano. Lezi zikhungo kumele zihlalise amakhulu ezinkulungwane kuya ezigidini zezivakashi minyaka yonke ngenkathi zigcina ukubukeka okuhlanzekile futhi zivikela amaqoqo ayigugu. Amatshe asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamamyuziyamu kumele ahlangabezane nezidingo eziphikisanayo: kumele aqine ngokwanele ukuze kube nokudlula kwabantu emphakathini okuqhubekayo kodwa acwengisiswe ngokwanele ukuze ahambisane nemisebenzi yobuciko engenakuqhathaniswa. Ngokusho kwe-American Alliance of Museums, inani lezivakashi ezikhungweni ezinkulu lidlula izigidi ezimbili ngonyaka, okubeka izidingo ezingavamile ezintweni zokwakha.
Izindlela Zokukhetha Amatshe Ezindaweni Zemyuziyamu
Ukukhethwa kwamatshe kwezicelo zemyuziyamu kuqala ngokuhlolwa kwamaphethini omgwaqo, ukulawulwa kwemvelo, kanye nezidingo zokulondolozwa. Izinto zokwakha phansi kumele zimelane nokuhamba ngezinyawo okukhungathekisayo okuvela ezicathulweni zasemgwaqweni ngaphandle kokubonisa amaphethini okuguguleka zingakapheli izinyanga. I-Getty Conservation Institute incoma ukuthi izinto zokwakha phansi zemyuziyamu zifinyelele ukumelana okuncane kokuguguleka kokulahlekelwa yivolumu engu-25mm³ ngokuhlolwa kwe-ASTM C241, okujwayelekile okuhlangatshezwa yi-granite ejulile kanye namamabula athile.
Ukuzwela komswakama kungenye into ebalulekile. Iminyuziyamu igcina umswakama ophakathi kuka-40% no-60% ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqoqwa, okuwuhlobo olungathinta ukuqina kwamatshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amatshe anezimbobo eziphakeme, njenge-limestone ethile kanye ne-travertine, angamunca umswakama ovela ekuhlanzeni kanye nomswakama womoya, okuholela ekudayiseni noma ekukhanyeni. Ama-granite nama-quartzite anezimbobo eziphansi ahlinzeka ngokuqina okukhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu semyuziyamu.
Itshe Lephansi Lemibukiso Yomphakathi Egcwele Abantu Abahamba Kakhulu
Izitezi zegalari zisetshenziswa kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umnyuziyamu.Izinketho ze-slab yamatshe emveloIzitezi zemyuziyamu kumele zilinganisele ukuqhubeka kobuhle nokushintshwa. Amathayili amatshe amakhulu anemigqa emincane ye-grout adala izindawo ezingenamthungo eziqondisa ukunaka kwezivakashi emibukisweni kunasephansi. Kodwa-ke, ikhono lokufaka esikhundleni amathayili ngamanye alimele ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinto eziseduze kumele libhekwe ekuhleleni ukufakwa.
Ubulukhuni betshe buthinta kokubili ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nokugcinwa. Imabula, enobulukhuni be-Mohs obungu-3–4, izobonisa amaphethini okuhamba ngezinyawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokuthi ivikelwe ngezingqimba ze-wax ezihlatshwayo noma ukugcotshwa njalo. I-Granite, e-Mohs 6–7, igcina ukuqeda kwayo ngaphansi kwezimoto eziningi amashumi eminyaka. I-National Gallery eLondon kanye ne-Metropolitan Museum of Art eNew York zombili zichaza i-granite yezindawo eziyinhloko zokusakazwa komphakathi, zigcina imabula yokumbozwa kwamakholomu kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa odongeni.
I-coefficient of friction (COF) yamatshe aphansi emyuziyamu kumele ihambisane nezindinganiso zokufinyeleleka ngenkathi igcina ukubukeka okucwebezelayo okufunwa ubuhle bemyuziyamu. UMthetho WaseMelika Okhubazekile udinga i-COF encane engaguquki engu-0.6 yezindawo ezilinganayo. Ukuqeda ngamatshe acwebezelayo kufinyelela lo mkhawulo ngenkathi kulondolozwa ukubukeka okucwengekile okufanele izikhungo zamasiko.
Ukumbozwa Kwamatshe Odonga Nokuqedwa Kwekholomu
Izindawo zamatshe eziqondile emamyuziyamu zibhekene nezinselele ezahlukene kunephansi. Ukufakwa kodonga kanye nezinsika akubekezeleli ukuguguleka okubuhlungu kodwa kumele kuhambisane nendaba yezakhiwo zasemyuziyamu. Amaphaneli odonga e-travertine anezindawo ezigcwele futhi ezicwebezelisiwe ahlinzeka ngesizinda esifudumele nesinobunjwa sobuciko besimanje, kuyilapho amakholomu e-marble acwebezelisiwe eveza ubuhle bezakhiwo zasemyuziyamu zakudala.
Ukufakwa kodonga lwamatshe eminyuziyamu kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kokukhanya okukhanyayo.Isikhungo Samatshe Emveloinikeza isiqondiso esichazayo sokuqedwa kobuso bamatshe ezindaweni zomphakathi, siphawula ukuthi izindawo ezicwebezelisiwe zidala ukukhanya okungaphazamisa ukwakheka kokukhanya kwegalari. Ukuqeda okucwebezelisiwe noma okuxutshwe ngebhulashi kunciphisa ukukhanya ngenkathi kunezela ukuceba okuthintekayo ngaphakathi kwemyuziyamu.
Amaphaneli e-mosaic enziwe ngezandla enziwe ngemabulazichazwa kabanzi ngezindonga zesici semyuziyamu, lapho zisebenza khona njengobuciko bezakhiwo ngokwazo. Lokhu kufakwa kwe-mosaic kungabonisa izigcawu zomlando, amaphethini angaqondakali, noma uphawu lwesikhungo, okudala ubunikazi obuhlukile bendawo ngayinye yemyuziyamu.
Izinsika Zokubonisa Nezinsika Zemisebenzi Yobuciko
Izinsika kanye nezinsika zokubonisa itshe zisebenza njengesisekelo sezithombe ezibaziweyo nezinto zobuciko ezigalari zemyuziyamu. Iminyuziyamu isebenzisa izinsika zamatshe ukuphakamisa izinto ziye ekuphakameni okuhle kokubuka ngenkathi inikeza isisindo esibonakalayo esiqinisa isibonisi. Ukukhetha izinto zensika zokubonisa kumele kucabangele isisindo sento eboniswayo, ubudlelwano obubonakalayo phakathi kwezinsika kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko, kanye nezidingo zokuzinza kwesakhiwo.
Izinsika zamatshe zokubonisa imyuziyamu zivame ukwenziwa ngemabula noma nge-limestone eneziphetho ezicwebezelisiwe ezingancintisani ngokubonakalayo nomsebenzi wobuciko obonisiwe. Ubukhulu bezinsika bulandela ukuphakama okujwayelekile kokubonisa imyuziyamu, kanti indawo ephezulu ivame ukubekwa ngamasentimitha angu-40-42 ukusuka phansi ukuze kubukwe kahle. Izinsika zamatshe zingaklanywa ngokuqinisa insimbi yangaphakathi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuphepha zokuzamazama komhlaba ezindaweni ezinengozi yokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izindawo Zokwamukela Nokungcebeleka Komphakathi
Izindawo zokwamukela izivakashi zaseMyuziyamu zisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokuxhumana phakathi kwezivakashi nesikhungo, zidinga izindawo zamatshe eziveza ukubaluleka kwamasiko nokuphila isikhathi eside.Ama-medallions e-Waterjet emabula kanye nemingcelezivame ukufakwa ezindlini zokungena zemyuziyamu, okudala izindawo ezigxile ezisungula ulimi lokuklama lwesikhungo sonke.
Amatshe e-lobby kumele amelane nokugcwala okuphezulu kwezivakashi, okuhlanganisa nezindawo zomugqa lapho izivakashi ezimile zidala khona ukuguguleka okugxilile. Ama-lobby aqinile e-granite noma e-quartzite anezinhlelo ze-wax ezihlatshwayo anikeza ukuqina okudingekayo kulezi zindawo ezinomthelela omkhulu. Izindawo ze-counter yamathikithi kanye nedeski lolwazi ngokuvamile zenziwa ngetshe elifanayo nephansi eliseduze, elinomphetho oqinisiwe ukuze umelane nokuthambekela nokuxhumana kwansuku zonke.
Ukwakhiwa Nokufakwa Okulungele Ukulondolozwa Kwemvelo
Ukwenziwa kwamatshe eminyuziyamu kumele kucabangele izidingo zokulondolozwa kwesikhathi esizayo. Izinhlelo zokufaka eziguqulwayo zivumela izakhi zamatshe ezonakele ukuthi zithathelwe indawo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinto eziseduze—okuyinto ebalulekile ezikhungweni ezingakwazi ukuvala amagalari isikhathi eside.Ochwepheshe bokuqopha amatsheUkusebenza kumaphrojekthi omnyuziyamu kubhala phansi imingcele yokukhiqiza ngokunembile, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kabusha okunembile kwezinto ezonakele eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka kamuva.
II-Getty Conservation Instituteishicilela iziqondiso zokulondolozwa kwamatshe ezikhungweni zamasiko, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokuhlanza, ukulungisa, kanye nokufaka esikhundleni sazo. Lezi ziqondiso zigcizelela ukungenelela okuncane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihambisanayo ezingasheshisi ukuwohloka kwamatshe. Ukulandela lezi zinqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwamatshe omnyuziyamu kuhlala kulungiselelwa impilo yonke yesikhungo.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Yiliphi itshe elingcono kakhulu lezakhiwo zemyuziyamu lapho kunezimoto eziningi?
I-granite ebanzi enokuphela okucwebezelayo iyindlela ewusizo kakhulu yephansi lemyuziyamu elinabantu abaningi. I-granite inikeza ukumelana nokuguguleka okugcina ubuqotho bomphezulu amashumi eminyaka, kuyilapho ukuphela okucwebezelayo kuhambisana nezindinganiso zokumelana nokushelela. Ama-granite anombala omnyama abonisa izimpawu zokuguguleka ezincane kunamatshe akhanyayo ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi abathuthwayo.
Izitezi zemyuziyamu zamatshe zigcinwa kanjani ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi yegalari?
Ukulungiswa kwamatshe emyuziyamu kulandela isimiso esihleliwe esihambisana nokushintshaniswa kwemibukiso. Ukuhlanza okomile nsuku zonke kususa uthuli oluqothulayo. Ukuhlanza okumanzi masonto onke ngesihlanzi esingena-pH kulungisa ukungcola okuqongelelekile. Ukuhlanza okujulile kanye nokuvala kabusha minyaka yonke kwenzeka ngezikhathi zezivakashi ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile ngoJanuwari kuya kuFebhuwari ezikhungweni eziningi.
Ingabe izinsika zamatshe zingaklanywa ukuze zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuphepha kokuzamazama komhlaba?
Izinsika zamatshe zingahlanganisa izinhlelo zokuqinisa insimbi yangaphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zokubambelela ezisekelweni ezihlangabezana nezidingo zekhodi yokuzamazama komhlaba. Izinsika zokubonisa imyuziyamu ezingaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-36 ubude ngokuvamile zidinga izibalo zokuvimbela ukuzamazama komhlaba. Izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ezingaphansi kwesisekelo zivumela izinsika zamatshe ukuba zihambe ngokuzimela ngesikhathi semicimbi yokuzamazama komhlaba ngaphandle kokuwisa izinto ezibonisiwe.
Ingabe uhlobo lwetshe luthinta indawo yokulondolozwa kwezindawo zokubukela iminyuziyamu?
Izindawo zamatshe zimunca futhi zikhiphe ukushisa kancane kancane, okufaka isandla ekuzinzeni kokushisa ezindaweni zokubukela iminyuziyamu. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile zamatshe zingathinta izimo ze-microclimate. Amatshe anezimbobo angase amunce umswakama futhi awukhulule kancane kancane, okwenza kube nokuguquguquka komswakama endaweni. Izinto ezingenazimbobo njenge-granite ziyathandwa ezindaweni ezigcina izinto ezithinta umswakama.
Yikuphi ukuqedwa okunconywayo ezindongeni zamatshe zemyuziyamu eduze kwemisebenzi yobuciko?
Ukuqeda okucwebezelisiwe noma okuxutshwe ngebhulashi kuyathandwa ezindongeni zamatshe eziseduze nemidwebo yobuciko ebonisiwe. Lokhu kuqeda kunciphisa ukukhanya okungaphazamisa ukukhanya kwegalari futhi kunikeze ukuzola okubonakalayo okuqondisa ukunaka ezintweni ezibonisiwe. Ukuqeda okucwebezelisiwe kufanele kukhawulelwe ezindaweni ezingasondelene ngqo nemisebenzi ebonisiwe.
Iphansi lamatshe elisezingeni lomnyuziyamu livame ukuhlala isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokushintshwa?
Iphansi le-granite elichazwe kahle futhi elinakekelwe kahle emamyuziyamu lingahlala iminyaka engu-50-75 ngaphambi kokuba lidinge ukushintshwa. Iphansi le-marble ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi lihlala iminyaka engu-25-40 ngokulungiswa njalo. Ukukhethwa kwamatshe esigabeni sokucaciswa kunquma ngqo impilo yesevisi—izinto ezikhethwe ngezizathu zobuhle zodwa zivame ukudinga ukushintshwa kusenesikhathi kunalezo ezikhethiwe kucatshangelwa idatha yethrafikhi.
Izinkomba Zangaphandle: I-American Alliance of Museums | I-Getty Conservation Institute | Isikhungo Samatshe Emvelo
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-22-2026