Izindaba - Ukuqeda Itshe Elivuthayo: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wobuhle Obuqinile Betshe Lemvelo

Mayelana noMlobi

UDkt. Liu Wei, Umqondisi we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone

I-PhD kwiSayensi Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo enolwazi olukhethekile kwezobuchwepheshe bokwenza amatshe. Ithuthukise imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukubaza kwendabuko kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwe-CNC kumaphrojekthi okwakha angaphezu kuka-180. Ishicilele ucwaningo ngamaphethini okugqoka amathuluzi ekushiseni amatshe ku-Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

Ekucubungulweni kwamatshe okwakha, ukuqedwa kobuso kuchaza kokubili uhlamvu olubonakalayo kanye nokusebenza kahle. Phakathi kokwelashwa okuningi okutholakalayo, ukuqedwa kwamatshe avuthayo kuthatha indawo ehlukile—okunikeza ubuso obunobume, obungasheleli obuveza ubuhle obuluhlaza betshe lemvelo. Lokhu kwelashwa okushisa, okusetshenziswa kakhulu ku-granite namatshe athile aqinile, kudala ukubukeka okunobume, okuqhekekile ngokwemvelo okufanelekela kahle izindawo zangaphandle kanye nezikhala zesici sangaphakathi. Ngokusho kwe-US Geological Survey's Mineral Commodity Summaries, i-granite yayibalelwa cishe ku-48% wokukhiqizwa kwamatshe obukhulu e-United States ngo-2023, kanti ukuqedwa okunobume kumelela ingxenye ekhulayo yemininingwane yezakhiwo.

Kuyini Ukuqeda Itshe Elivuthayo? Incazelo kanye Nenqubo Yokushisa

Ukuphela kwetshe elivuthayo—okubizwa nangokuthi ukuphela kokushisa noma okushisiwe—kuyindlela yokwelapha ebusweni edalwa ngokudalulaitshe lemveloekushiseni okukhulu phakathi kuka-2,000°F no-2,500°F (1,093°C kuya ku-1,371°C). Lokhu kushisa okukhulu kubangela ukwanda okusheshayo kwekristalu, okuphoqa okusanhlamvu kwamaminerali ukuba kuhlukane futhi kukhiqize ukuthungwa okuqinile, okuqhekekile okunokumelana okuvelele kokushelela.

Le nqubo idinga izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokushisa okuphezulu ze-propane ezidlula phezu kobuso betshe ngesivinini esilawulwayo kuyilapho okukhipha izimboni besusa ukushisa kanye nemfucumfucu. Abasebenzi kumele bagcine ibanga elihambisanayo kanye nesivinini sokuhamba ukuze kufezwe ukuthungwa okufanayo. Ngemva kokushisa, ukuxubha kususa izinhlayiya ezikhululekile ukuze kwembulwe ubuso obuqinile, obungakhanyi ngokwemvelo obugcina umbala wetshe ngaphandle kokukhanya okucwebezelayo.

Izinto Ezifanele Ukwakhiwa Kwendawo Yamatshe Avuthayo

Akuwona wonke amatshe emvelo asabela kahle ekushiseni. I-Granite ihlala iyiyona eyinhloko ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-quartz kanye ne-feldspar. I-Basalt iphinde ikhiqize izindawo ezithambile kahle uma zishiswa. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-quartzite zingaphathwa, yize imiphumela ihluka ngokwakheka kwamaminerali. Amatshe anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carbonate—i-marble, i-limestone, kanye ne-travertine—i-calcine noma ashintshe umbala ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu, okwenza angafaneleki. Kula matshe athambile, ukuqhumisa isihlabathi noma ukushawa kwezihlahla kunikeza ezinye izindlela eziphephile.

Ukuqeda Itshe Elivuthayo Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wobuhle Obuqinile Betshe Lemvelo.(1)jpg

Indlela Itshe Elinombhalo Ovuthayo Eliqhathaniswa Ngayo Nezinye Izinto Zokuqedela Ezingaphezulu

Ukuphela okucwebezelayo kunikeza ukukhanya okuphezulu nokujula kombala kodwa kuba bushelelezi uma kumanzi, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezindongeni zangaphakathi nasema-countertop. Ukuphela okucwebezelayo kunikeza ubuso obungacwebezeli kanye nezingozi zokushelela ezincishisiwe. Ukuphela okuvuthayo kunikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kokushelela phakathi kokwakheka kwamatshe okuvamile, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kokugandaya kwangaphandle, izindawo ezizungezile ichibi, kanye nezindlela zokungena zezentengiselwano. Ukuqeda okufakwe ngesando sehlathi kudala ukuthungwa ngokusebenzisa ukushaywa komshini kwamatshe angakwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Ukuqeda okufakwe ngesanti kunikeza ukujula okulungisekayo kodwa kungaguga isikhathi eside ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Komphezulu Wetshe Elivuthayo Ekwakhiweni Kwezakhiwo Nasekuhlobiseni Izakhiwo

Izindawo Zokugandaya Ngaphandle Nezindawo Zokubhukuda

Ukuthungwa okuqinile kwe-granite evuthayo kunikeza ukumelana okumangalisayo kokushelela, noma ngabe kumanzi, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezindleleni, ezindleleni zokungena, nasezindaweni ezizungezile ichibi. Izindinganiso ze-ASTM International C1028 zibonisa ukuthi i-granite evuthayo ivame ukufeza ama-coefficients okungqubuzana adlula u-0.8 uma omile kanye no-0.6 uma emanzi—okuphakeme kakhulu kunobuncane obungu-0.5 obunconywayo ezindaweni zokuhamba ezifinyelelekayo. Ubuso buhlala bupholile ngaphansi kwelanga eliqondile, njengoba ukuthungwa okungajwayelekile kusakaza imisebe yelanga kunokuba kugxilise.

Izindlela Zokungena Zezentengiselwano Nezindawo Zomphakathi

Imithetho kamasipala ezindaweni eziningi ichaza amanani amancane okumelana nokushelela kweminyango yezakhiwo zomphakathi, okwenza i-granite evuthayo ibe ukukhetha okuhambisana nemithetho. Indawo elukhuni imelana nokuguguleka okukhuhlayo ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa amaphethini omgwaqo acwebezelayo. Abaklami bezindawo bavame ukucacisa itshe elivuthayo lezinyathelo, izindawo zokufika, kanye nezindawo zokuma lapho ukuphepha kudinga khona izindawo ezithambile.

Izindonga Zangaphakathi Nezindawo Ezizungezile Zomlilo

Ukuqeda okuvuthayo kuye kwabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi kwezindonga ezigqamile kanye nezindawo zomlilo lapho umehluko othintekayo unezela khona ukujula. Ukuthungwa okuqinile kuhlangana nezinto ezibushelelezi njengengilazi nensimbi. Ekusetshenzisweni kweziko lomlilo, uhlobo lwetshe olungashisi oluhlanganiswe nezindawo ezicutshungulwe ngokushisa kakade luqeda ukukhathazeka ngokuwohloka kokushisa. Abaklami kufanele bacabangele ukuqongelela kothuli endaweni enobuthuntu lapho bechaza ukusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi.

Imininingwane Yokuqeda Okuvuthayo kanye Namazinga Emboni

I-ASTM C615 icacisa izidingo ezijwayelekile zamatshe obukhulu be-granite, kufaka phakathi amapharamitha amancane endawo evuthayo: ukumuncwa kwamanzi okuphezulu okungu-0.40%, ubuncane bobuningi obungu-160 lb/ft³, kanye namandla okucindezela okungenani angu-19,000 psi. I-Natural Stone Institute ishicilela iziqondiso zokucacisa ukuqeda okuvuthayo kufaka phakathi amanani anconywayo okubukhali. Abacacisi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi itshe elivuthayo liyahlangabezana nezidingo zekhodi yokwakha yendawo ebhekisela kulezi zindinganiso zomkhakha.

Ukuqeda Itshe Elivuthayo Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wobuhle Obuqinile Betshe Lemvelo.(2)

Ukuqina kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwetshe elivuthayo elibi

Ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi i-granite evuthayo igcina ukusebenza kahle iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-50 ekusetshenzisweni kwangaphandle. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa akulimazi ubuqotho besakhiwo—kushintsha kuphela amamilimitha angu-1 kuya kwangu-3 aphezulu ebusweni. Ezimweni zezulu ezincibilika ngokuqandisa, izinhlobo ze-granite ezimunca amanzi ngaphansi kuka-0.20% zikhulisa ukumelana nesithwathwa. Ukufakwa kahle okunemisele eyanele kanye nomthambeka kuvimbela ukuqongelela kwamanzi okungaholela ekulimaleni kokuncibilika ngokuqandisa.

Imikhiqizo Nezinsizakusebenza Zamatshe Ezihlobene

Kumaphrojekthi adinga ukugqamisa okuhlobisa okuhambisana nezindawo ezivuthayo, imikhiqizo yokuqopha amatshe yemvelo inikeza imihlobiso ehambisanayo. Ukukhetha amatshe ezindawo zomlilo kunikeza umehluko ocwebezelayo wangaphakathi. Amakholomu amatshe okwakha anemininingwane yesisekelo esivuthayo adala imiklamo ehlangene eshintsha kalula phakathi kwezikhala zangaphandle nezangaphakathi.

Ukuqeda Itshe Elivuthayo Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wobuhle Obuqinile Betshe Lemvelo.(3)

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngokuqedwa Kwetshe Elivuthayo

Umbuzo 1: Ingabe ukuqeda okuvuthayo kungafakwa kumabula noma e-limestone ukuze kusetshenziswe ngaphandle?

Ukuqedwa okuvuthayo akukhuthazwa kuma-marble, limestone, noma i-travertine. Lawa matshe asekelwe ku-carbonate aphenduka umbala futhi ashintshe umbala lapho evezwa emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-1,000°F. Ukuze kufezwe izindawo ezithambile kulezi zinto, izindlela zokwenza izinto ezifana nokusika izihlahla noma ukuqhumisa isihlabathi ziveza imiphumela engcono. I-Granite, i-basalt, kanye ne-quartzite ekhethiwe zihlala ziyizinto eziyinhloko zokwelapha ilangabi ngempumelelo.

Umbuzo 2: I-granite evuthayo iqhathaniswa kanjani nethayela le-porcelain elinobuthi lokugandaya ngaphandle?

I-granite evuthayo inikeza ukuqina okuphezulu ngamandla okucindezela adlula i-19,000 psi, kuyilapho i-porcelain ivame ukuba phakathi kwe-13,000 kuya ku-17,000 psi. Umbala we-granite yemvelo emzimbeni wonke usho ukuthi ukuguguleka kwendawo akuvezi ama-substrate ahlukene, ngokungafani namathayili acwebezelayo. Kodwa-ke, i-porcelain ibiza cishe amaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-50 ngaphansi. Ukukhetha kuncike kwisabelomali, izidingo zokusebenza, kanye nezinhloso zomklamo wesikhathi eside.

Q3: Yikuphi ukunakekelwa okudingekayo ngamatshe avuthayo ukuze kufakwe ngaphandle?

Itshe elivuthayo lidinga ukuhlanzwa njalo ngebhulashi eliqinile kanye nesihlanzi esiphephile samatshe ukuze kususwe udoti obambeke endaweni enobuthuntu. Ukufaka isivali njalo eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwemi-3 kuvikela ekungcoleni. Ukugeza ngamandla ngomfutho ophansi (800 kuya ku-1,200 psi) kususa ngempumelelo ukungcola okuqongelelekile ngaphandle kokulimala kwendawo. Izihlanzi ezine-asidi kufanele zigwenywe ngoba zingaliqopha itshe noma zonakalise ukusebenza kwesivali.

Umbuzo 4: Ingabe isiphetho esivuthayo sibiza kakhulu kune-granite epholishiwe?

Ukuqeda okuvuthayo ngokuvamile kunezela amaphesenti angu-15 kuya kwangu-25 ezindleleni zokukhiqiza ngenxa yezidingo zemishini ekhethekile kanye namazinga okukhiqiza ahamba kancane. Le nqubo idinga opharetha abanekhono kanye nomoya ofanele. Ukuhlaziywa komjikelezo wokuphila kuvame ukusekela ukuqeda okuvuthayo ezisetshenziswa zangaphandle lapho ukuphepha okwengeziwe kuqeda isidingo sokwelashwa okulwa nokushelela. Izindleko zokulungisa ziyafana phakathi kokuqeda okubili.

Umbuzo 5: Ingabe inqubo yokushisa iyenza buthaka ubuqotho besakhiwo setshe?

Uma kwenziwa kahle ezintweni ezifanele, ukusha akuphazamisi ubuqotho besakhiwo. Ukushaqeka kokushisa kunqunyelwe kumamilimitha angu-1 kuya kwangu-3 ngaphezulu kobuso. Ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwe-ASTM kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-granite eshiswe kahle igcina izakhiwo zayo zokuqala zokucindezela kanye namandla okugoba. Ukujula kokungena kokushisa kuncike esikhathini somlilo kanye nokuqhuba kokushisa kwamatshe.

Umbuzo 6: Ingabe itshe elivuthayo lingasetshenziswa nezinhlelo zokushisa phansi ezikhazimulayo?

Itshe elivuthayo lisebenza kahle ngokushisa okukhanyayo. Isisindo sokushisa segranite simunca futhi sigcine ukushisa kahle, kuyilapho ubuso obunobunjwa buthuthukisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa uma kuqhathaniswa namathayili abushelelezi. Amaphrofayili amancane (12 kuya ku-15 mm) anconywa ukuze kube nokudluliselwa okungcono kokushisa. Ukujikeleza kwezinga lokushisa kusuka ezinhlelweni ezikhanyayo akuthinti ukuqina noma ukubukeka kwegranite evuthayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuphela kwetshe elivuthayo kuletha inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yobuhle obuqinile, ukumelana nokushelela okuphezulu, kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside okungalinganiswa nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa ezingaphezulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuchazwe ukugandaya kwangaphandle, ukungena kwezentengiselwano, noma izindonga zangaphakathi, i-granite evuthayo inikeza abakhi bezakhiwo nabaklami isixazululo esiguquguqukayo, esihambisana nekhodi esisebenza ngokwethembeka amashumi eminyaka. Ngokuqonda inqubo yokushisa, ukukhetha izinto ezifanele, kanye nokulandela imininingwane yemboni, abacacisi bangasebenzisa amandla aphelele alokhu kuqeda kwetshe okumangalisayo kuphrojekthi yabo elandelayo.