Mayelana noMlobi
UDkt. Liu Wei, Umqondisi we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone
I-PhD kwiSayensi Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo ngobuchwepheshe bokwenza amatshe. Yakha imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukubaza kwendabuko kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwe-CNC kumaphrojekthi okwakha angaphezu kuka-180. Yashicilela ucwaningo ngamaphethini okugqoka amathuluzi ekushiseni amatshe ku-Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Izinto Ezibalulekile ze-TL;DR
- Ukukhethwa kwamatshe esakhiwo sehhovisi likahulumeni kuxhumana negunya lesikhungo ngokukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokwakheka kwendawo
- Izindinganiso zokuqina kwetshe lomkhakha womphakathi zidlula kakhulu izimfuneko zezentengiselwano ngenxa yezidingo zesikhathi eside senkonzo
- Ukuthola amatshe kumaphrojekthi kahulumeni kumele kuhambisane nokucaca kokuthengwa kwempahla, ukusimama, kanye nezinhlinzeko zokuqukethwe kwasekhaya
- Ukuhlanganisa izakhi zamatshe aqoshiwe kanye nezinsika zokwakha kuqinisa isithunzi somphakathi kanye nokuba khona kwezikhungo isikhathi eside
Izakhiwo zamahhovisi kahulumeni zisebenza njengezibonakaliso ezibonakalayo zegunya lesikhungo, ukuzinza komphakathi, kanye nokwethenjwa komphakathi. Izinto zamatshe ezikhethiwe zalezi zakhiwo kumele ziveze ukuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nesithunzi ngenkathi zihlangabezana nezidingo zokuqina ezidlula izinhlelo eziningi zezentengiselwano. Ngokusho kwe-US General Services Administration, izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezenzelwe impilo yenkonzo yeminyaka engu-50 zidinga imininingwane yezinto ezibalelwa amashumi eminyaka okusetshenziswa komphakathi okujulile kanye nokushintshwa okuncane. Ngakho-ke ukukhethwa kwamatshe esakhiwo samahhovisi kahulumeni kudinga indlela ehlelekile elinganisela ukumelwa kobuhle nokusebenza kwesakhiwo kanye nezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila—ngoba izindawo zamatshe zesakhiwo sikahulumeni zizohlolwa yizakhamuzi izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.
Izindlela Zokukhetha Amatshe Emisebenzini Yomkhakha Kahulumeni
Amatshe okwakha kahulumeni kumele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuthenga ezibeka phambili ukuqina, ukugcinwa, kanye nokucaca kweketanga lokuhlinzeka. Ukuqina kwezinto ezilinganiswa ngokumelana nokuguguleka ngokwe-ASTM C241 kuyisici esiyinhloko, ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwevolumu okungu-20mm³ okuchazwe ezindaweni zomphakathi ezinabantu abaningi. I-Granite ibusa ukusetshenziswa kwephansi kukahulumeni ngoba ihlangabezana njalo nalezi zilinganiso kulo lonke ububanzi bayo bombala.
Ukuvumelana kombala ezindaweni ezinkulu kubalulekile emahholo okwamukela izivakashi kahulumeni kanye nemigwaqo yomphakathi lapho ukubukeka okufanayo kukhombisa khona ukuziphatha okuhle kwenhlangano. Amatshe amaphrojekthi kahulumeni ngokuvamile akhethwa emabhulokini enkamba eyodwa noma ebusweni obuseduze bokukhipha ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlukahluka kombala.Ukuphathwa Kwezinsizakalo Ezijwayelekile zase-USishicilela imininingwane ephelele yezinto zokwakha zamatshe okwakha kahulumeni, okuhlanganisa nezindlela zokwamukela ukuhlukahluka kombala, ubuningi bemithambo, kanye nemikhawulo yokukhubazeka kobuso.
Ngezindawo eziqondile ezindaweni zomphakathi,ukukhetha kwe-slab yamatshe emvelongemibala engathathi hlangothi—empunga, e-beige, kanye nokhilimu—inikeza igunya elibonakalayo elifanele izindawo zikahulumeni. Le mibala iyamelana nokubonisa amaphethini okuguguleka futhi igcina ukubukeka okufanayo odongeni olukhulu ngaphandle kwezidingo zokunakekelwa kwezinto ezimnyama noma ezinemithambo egqamile.
Izindinganiso Zokuqina Kokufakwa Kwamatshe E-Civic
Uphansi lwamatshe ezakhiweni zikahulumeni luhlangabezana nenani labantu abahamba ngezinyawo abangu-2,000-10,000 nsuku zonke ezakhiweni ezinkulu zomphakathi. Uphansi lwe-granite olune-finish epholishiwe lugcina ukubukeka okwamukelekayo ngaphansi kwale mithwalo iminyaka engu-20-30 ngaphambi kokudinga ukulungiswa kwemishini. Ezinye izindlela ze-limestone nezemabula ezisetshenziswayo ezifanayo zidinga ukulungiswa njalo eminyakeni emi-5-10, okwenza i-granite ibe yindleko ehamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kophansi kukahulumeni naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zezinto zokwakha zokuqala.
Ukumelana nokuncibilika kweqhwa kuyimpoqo ekwakhiweni kwetshe likahulumeni ezindaweni ezishintshashintshayo. Amanani okumuncwa kwamanzi angaphansi kuka-0.5% ngesisindo, kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo esingenalutho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumbozwa kwamatshe ezindongeni zikahulumeni zangaphandle kumelana nemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa ngaphandle kokuchitheka.I-ASTM C97ukuhlolwa kokumuncwa kanye nobuningi kuhlinzeka ngedatha eyisisekelo yokuhlola ukufaneleka kwamatshe ezisetshenziswa zomphakathi ezivezwe yisimo sezulu.
Ukumelana namabala etsheni lesakhiwo sikahulumeni kumele kuchazwe ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho ukudla, iziphuzo, kanye namakhemikhali okuhlanza kuhlangana khona njalo. Izindawo zamatshe ezivaliwe ezinezilinganiso zokumelana namabala ezingu-4 noma ngaphezulu nge-ASTM C217 ngayinye ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuchitheka kungasuswa zingakapheli imizuzu engama-30 ngaphandle kophawu oluhlala njalo—incazelo enciphisa izindleko zokulungisa phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwesakhiwo.
Amakholomu Ezakhiwo kanye Nesikhumbuzo Sezakhamuzi
Amakholomu amatshe ezakhiweni zikahulumeni anesisindo sokwakha kanye nesifanekiselo. Ama-oda akudala—amaDoric, ama-Ionic, amaCorinthian—adlulisela ukuzinza kwezikhungo ngezinhlelo zokulinganisela ezilungisiwe eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2,500 yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi. Amakholomu ezakhiwo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile akhiwa ngemigoqo yamatshe eyisiqeshana esisodwa kunokwakhiwa okuhlukaniswe ngezigaba, okudinga amabhlogo e-quarry anesisindo esingamathani ayi-10-25 ukuze kufakwe ukuphakama okugcwele.
Amakholomu amatshe nezinsika zokwakhaemahholo okwamukela izivakashi kahulumeni achaza izindlela zokujikeleza kanye nezindawo zomkhosi ezihleliwe. Imigodi yamakholomu egobile enezihloko eziqoshiwe yengeza isigqi esibonakalayo emigwaqweni emide, iphula ukuthambekela kwezindawo ezinde zodonga ngenkathi igcina isimo esihloniphekile sifanelekile ezakhiweni zomphakathi.
Izakhi zamatshe eziqoshiwe—kufaka phakathi izimpawu zikahulumeni, imibhalo eqoshiwe, kanye nemifanekiso yokuhlobisa—ziqinisa ubunjalo besikhungo.Amaphaneli e-pilaster aqoshiweeneminyango yohlaka olunemininingwane yokuhlobisa kanye nemingcele yendawo yomphakathi, enezela izendlalelo zobunzima obubonakalayo obuhlukanisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni nezakhiwo zamahhovisi ezentengiselwano.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko Zomjikelezo Wempilo Yetshe Likahulumeni
Ukuthengwa kukahulumeni kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlolwa seminyaka engama-30-50 sezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisa i-granite epholishiwe nephansi lemabula endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi zikahulumeni enezivakashi ezingu-5,000 nsuku zonke kukhombisa ukuthi i-granite iletha izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila eziphansi ngo-40-60% ngenxa yokuncipha kwemvamisa yokuvuselela kanye nezikhawu zesevisi ezinde phakathi kwemicimbi emikhulu yokulungisa.
Izindleko zokuqala zezinto zokwakha zimelela cishe u-30% wezindleko zokufaka amatshe ezakhiweni zikahulumeni. Ukuhlanza, ukulungisa, kanye nokuvuselela njalo kubalwa u-70% osele. Ukucacisa amazinga amatshe aqinile kanye nezindlela zokufaka ezisezingeni eliphezulu kwandisa izindleko zokuqala ngo-10-15% kodwa kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa ngo-25-35% eminyakeni engama-30, okwenza ukucaciswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kube ukukhetha okunengqondo ngokomnotho kokuthengwa komphakathi.
IUMnyango Wezamandla wase-USifaka amathuluzi okuhlola umjikelezo wokuphila kwezinto zokwakha ezinsizeni zayo zoHlelo Lokuphathwa Kwamandla Kahulumeni, okusiza izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuhlola imiphumela yezemvelo kanye nezomnotho yezinqumo zokucaciswa kwamatshe kuzo zonke izikhathi zokuphila zesakhiwo. Lawa mathuluzi asekela ukukhethwa kwezinto eziqhutshwa idatha okuhambisana nemigomo yemfanelo yezezimali kanye nokusimama.
Amasu Okulungisa Amatshe Ezakhiwo Zikahulumeni
Ukulungiswa kwamatshe okwakha kahulumeni kusebenza ngemijikelezo emide kunezindawo zokuhweba kodwa kumele kuhambisane nokusebenza okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuvalwa. Amaqembu okulungisa ebusuku enza umsebenzi wokushisa phansi, ukwelapha amabala amachashazi, kanye nokuhlola indawo ngesikhathi sokungasebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zamatshe zikhona esimweni esiphezulu ngesikhathi sokufinyelela komphakathi. Imvamisa yokulungiswa iqhutshwa ukuminyana kwezimoto kunezikhathi zekhalenda, lapho izindawo zomphakathi ezinabantu abaningi zithola ukunakwa nsuku zonke ngenkathi imizila yokuphatha ilungiswa masonto onke.
Ukulungiswa kwamatshe ezakhiweni zikahulumeni kuvame ukulandela umjikelezo weminyaka emi-5-15 kuye ngohlobo lwezinto, ithrafikhi, kanye nencazelo yokuqeda. Iphansi le-granite ezisetshenziswa zomphakathi livame ukudinga ukulungiswa kwemishini njalo eminyakeni eyi-15-20, kuyilapho imabula esetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo idinga ukulungiswa njalo eminyakeni emi-5-8. Ukulungiswa kuhilela ukugaya, ukulola, kanye nokupholisha idayimane ukuze kususwe ukuguguleka kwendawo nokubuyisela ukukhanya ezicinisweni zomkhiqizi.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Yiziphi izinto zamatshe ezivame ukucaciswa kakhulu ezindongeni zezakhiwo zikahulumeni?
I-granite kanye ne-limestone kubusa ukumbozwa kwangaphandle kukahulumeni ngenxa yokumelana nokuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nokuqina kombala. I-limestone yase-Indiana ibalulekile ngokomlando ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni wase-US. Izinhlobo ze-granite ezifaka phakathi i-Absolute Black, i-Grey Pearl, kanye ne-Imperial Red zinikeza izinketho zombala ngokutholakala njalo kwezidingo zokuthengwa kukahulumeni ezinkulu.
Ukuthengwa kwamatshe kukahulumeni kuhluke kanjani kumaphrojekthi ebhizinisi azimele?
Ukuthengwa kwamatshe kahulumeni kudinga ukubhida okuncintisanayo ngemibhalo yokulandelela izinto, izindawo zokumba kumele zinikeze amasampula avela ekukhiqizweni kunezingcezu zokubonisa ezikhethiwe. Izinketho zokuthola izinto zasekhaya ziyasebenza ezindaweni eziningi. Iziqinisekiso zokubopha kanye nokusebenza kwenkontileka zivame ukuba nzima kakhulu, zidinga iziqinisekiso zezimali ezidlula amazinga ephrojekthi yezentengiselwano.
Ingabe izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezikhona zingafakwa kabusha ngamatshe?
Ukulungiswa kabusha kwezimbobo zamatshe ezakhiweni zikahulumeni kungenzeka kodwa kudinga ukuhlolwa kwesakhiwo samandla okusekela i-facade akhona. Izinhlelo zamaphaneli amatshe ezilula ezine-aluminium honeycomb backing zinciphisa umthwalo ofile ngo-60-70% uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbobo zamatshe aqinile, okuvumela ukufakwa kwezakhiwo ezazingaklanyelwanga ekuqaleni imithwalo ye-facade yamatshe.
Yiziphi izitifiketi okufanele abahlinzeki bamatshe bakahulumeni babe nazo?
Abahlinzeki bamatshe kahulumeni kufanele babe nesitifiketi sokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ye-ISO 9001 futhi babonise ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zezinto ze-ASTM ezisebenzayo. Isitifiketi sokuphathwa kwemvelo i-ISO 14001 siyadingeka kakhulu. Isitifiketi sokuthengwa kwempahla yasekhaya singadingeka yimithethonqubo yokuthenga ezindaweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi asezingeni likahulumeni.
Kufanele kube lukhuni kangakanani phansi kwamatshe ezicelweni zikahulumeni zokwakha?
Iphansi lamatshe okwakha likahulumeni livame ukusebenzisa izinto eziwugqinsi oluyi-20–30mm ukuze kusetshenziswe ngaphakathi, kanti okungenani u-30mm ezindaweni zomphakathi ezinezimoto eziningi. Ukugandaya kwangaphandle kwama-plaza kahulumeni kanye nezindlela zokuhamba kudinga ugqinsi oluyi-50–80mm kuye ngezidingo zokufinyelela ezimotweni. Itshe eliwugqinsi linikeza ukumelana okukhulu kokuqhekeka kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufakwa esikhundleni.
Ingakanani impilo yenkonzo elindelekile yamatshe esakhiweni sikahulumeni?
Iphansi le-granite elichazwe kahle futhi elinakekelwe kahle ezakhiweni zikahulumeni lisebenza iminyaka engama-30-50 ngaphambi kokudinga ukushintshwa. Ukumbozwa kodonga lwemabula yangaphakathi kugcina ukubukeka okwamukelekayo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 ngokuhlanzwa nokuvalwa njalo. Ukumbozwa kwamatshe angaphandle, kuye ngokuthi isimo sezulu sinjani kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto, kuvame ukusebenza iminyaka engama-50-100 ngaphambi kokuba isimo sezulu sidinge ukungenelela noma ukushintshwa.
Izinkomba Zangaphandle: Ukuphathwa Kwezinsizakalo Ezijwayelekile zase-US | I-ASTM International | Isikhungo Samatshe Emvelo
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-20-2026