Izindaba - Isicelo Setshe Le-Yacht Club: Izinselele Ezikhethekile Zemvelo Yasolwandle

Mayelana noMlobi

UDkt. Liu Wei, Umqondisi we-R&D e-Ruifengyuan Stone

I-PhD kwiSayensi Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo ngobuchwepheshe bokwenza amatshe. Yakha imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukubaza kwendabuko kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kwe-CNC kumaphrojekthi okwakha angaphezu kuka-180. Yashicilela ucwaningo ngamaphethini okugqoka amathuluzi ekushiseni amatshe ku-Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

Amakilabhu emikhumbi adinga ukufakwa kwamatshe okumelana nezimo ezishisayo zasogwini ngenkathi egcina ubuhle obuhle. Ukwakheka kwekristalu kasawoti kudala ingcindezi yangaphakathi engaphezu kwe-100 MPa ngaphakathi kwemigodi yamatshe—okwanele ukuphula izinhlobo eziningi zamatshe. I-granite ecolekile emuncwa amanzi ngaphansi kuka-0.20% inikeza ukuqina kwesikhathi eside okungcono kakhulu kwezicelo zasolwandle. Ukufaka ama-sealer e-silane/siloxane anokuqukethwe okusebenzayo okungenani okungu-40% kudlula ukugqoka okungaphezulu ezindaweni zasogwini. Ukugcinwa okusheshayo kunciphisa izindleko zokuvuselela isikhathi eside ngo-40-60% uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokusabela.

Amakilabhu emikhumbi aphethe isikhundla esiyingqayizivele ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokungenisa izihambi—kumele amelane nezimo ezisogwini ezinolaka kakhulu ngenkathi eletha ubuhle obucwengekile obulindelwe ngamakhasimende asezingeni eliphezulu. **Indawo yasolwandle inikeza izinsongo ezintathu ezihlukile ekufakweni kwamatshe: ukuchayeka emanzini anosawoti okubangela ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali, ukujikeleza komswakama okukhuthaza ukumuncwa komswakama, kanye nokucindezeleka komshini okuvela emoyeni wasogwini kanye nesenzo samagagasi.** Ngokusho kwe-US Naval Research Laboratory, izakhiwo zasogwini zithola amazinga okuchayeka kwe-chloride aphakeme ngokuphindwe kayi-10 kuya ku-50 kunezakhiwo zangaphakathi, okudinga amasu okukhetha izinto ahluke ngokuphelele ekwakhiweni okuvamile. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlola izinselele ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwamatshe eklabhu yemikhumbi futhi unikeza izixazululo ezisekelwe kobuchwepheshe zokucaciswa kwamatshe ebanga lolwandle.

Izinselele Ezikhethekile Zokusebenzisa I-Yacht Club Stone Zemvelo Yasolwandle (3)

Ukuqonda Ukuwohloka Kwemvelo YasolwandleItshe Lemvelo

**Indlela yokuwohloka kwamatshe asolwandle iqala ngokuqhekeka kukasawoti.** Amanzi anosawoti angena ezimbotsheni ezincane ebusweni betshe. Lapho amanzi ehwamuka, amakristalu kasawoti akheka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sembobo, okudala ingcindezi yangaphakathi edlula i-100 MPa—eyanele ukuphula izinhlobo eziningi zamatshe. I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ibika ukuthi izakhiwo zasogwini ezingaphakathi kwamamitha angu-500 ukusuka ogwini zihlangabezana namazinga okufakwa kukasawoti angu-1,000 kuya ku-5,000 mg/m² ngosuku, okusheshisa ukuwohloka uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zangaphakathi.

Ukujikeleza kwezinga lokushisa nomswakama kuyayixazulula inkinga. **Ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa lasogwini nsuku zonke kuqhuba ukujikeleza okuphindaphindiwe kokukhula kanye nokuncipha.** Izindinganiso zokuhlola ukugqwala kolwandle ze-ASTM International ziqopha ukuthi izinto ezisendaweni yasogwini zithola ukucindezeleka kokujikeleza kokushisa okuphindwe kathathu kuya kahlanu kunalezo ezisesimweni sangaphakathi esizinzile. Lokhu kujikeleza kwenza kancane kancane isakhiwo samatshe sibe buthaka ezingeni elincane kakhulu, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kobuso kanye nokulahlekelwa imininingwane ezintweni eziqoshiwe esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20.

Izindlela Zokukhetha Amatshe Zokusetshenziswa Kwezindawo Zasolwandle

I-Granite: Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Kokuqina Kwamatshe Ekilabhini Yesikebhe

Ngokusebenzisa iklabhu yezikebhe, i-**granite isalokhu iyisigaba samatshe esithembeke kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiqinile sekristalu kanye nokubhoboka okuphansi.** Izinhlobo zegranite ezimunca amanzi ngaphansi kuka-0.20% kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-quartz okungaphezu kuka-20% zibonisa ukumelana okungcono kakhulu nomonakalo wekristalu kasawoti. I-galaxy emnyama, onsundu onsundu, kanye ne-granite emnyama ngokuphelele ziqophe amarekhodi okusebenza adlula iminyaka engama-30 ekusetshenzisweni kogu lapho zivalwe futhi zigcinwa kahle.

Ukukhethwa kwe-granite ezindaweni zasolwandle kufanele kubeke phambili ukuminyana kokusanhlamvu kunokuthanda umbala. Ama-granite acwebezelayo anesakhiwo sekristalu esifanayo anikeza izindlela ezimbalwa zokungena komswakama kunezinhlobo ezicwebezelayo. Ukuhlolwa ngokwe-ASTM C97 kokumuncwa kwamanzi kanye ne-ASTM C170 yamandla okucindezela kunikeza idatha eyisisekelo yokuhlola ukufaneleka kolwandle. Ama-granite anamazinga okumuncwa angaphezu kuka-0.40% kufanele agcinelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphakathi, ezivikelwe ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zeklabhu yezikebhe.

Imikhawulo Yemabula Ne-Limestone Ezindaweni Zasogwini

**Imabula ne-limestone ziletha izinselele ezinkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamatshe ekilabhu yemikhumbi ngenxa yokuzwela kwawo ku-asidi kanye nokubhoboka okuphezulu.** Amatshe asekelwe ku-calcite asabela emanzini emvula ane-asidi—avame ezindaweni ezisogwini—okubangela ukugqwala kobuso okonakalisa ukubukeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinga lokuncibilika ezindaweni ezisogwini lingafinyelela ku-0.1 kuya ku-0.3 mm ngeshumi leminyaka lemabula engavikelwe, okusheshisa ezindaweni ezihlanzwa njalo noma ezichayeke emanzini echibi aphathwe nge-chlorine.

Uma imabula ichazwe ezindaweni zangaphakathi zeklabhu yezikebhe kude nokuchayeka ngqo kusawoti, izinhlobo eziqinile njengeCalacatta noma iStatuario ezine-resin reinforcement zinikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe. Ukuqeda okucwengekile kunezindawo ezicwebezelisiwe kubonisa ukugqwala futhi akubonakali kahle. Ukugcinwa njalo okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa okungena-pH kanye nokuvalwa kwaminyaka yonke akunakuxoxiswana ngemabula ezindaweni ezisogwini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingaphakathi libekwe kanjani.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokusebenzisa Amatshe Nobumba Obunjineliwe Zokufaka Isicelo SeMarina

Izindawo ze-quartz eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela kanye namathayela e-porcelain anikeza ezinye izindlela zokusetshenziswa kweklabhu ye-yacht ethile lapho itshe lemvelo libhekene nezinselele ezingenakunqotshwa. **Amathayela e-porcelain alinganiswe ku-PEI 5 anomuncwa wamanzi angaphansi kuka-0.10% angalingana nokubukeka kwetshe lemvelo ngenkathi enikeza ukumelana kwamakhemikhali okuphezulu kumakhemikhali echibini, izinto zokuhlanza, kanye nokuchayeka kusawoti.** Lezi zinto zifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezizungezile ichibi kanye nezindawo ezimanzi lapho ukumelana nokushelela kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali kuyizinto eziza kuqala.

Isinqumo phakathi kwetshe lemvelo kanye nezinye izindlela zobunjiniyela kufanele sicabangele umongo wokusetshenziswa othize. Eziqongweni zebha kanye nezindawo zesevisi yokudla, i-quartz enjiniyela inikeza ukuntuleka kwemabula yokumelana namabala. Ezindongeni zesici kanye nezindawo zokwamukela kude nokuchayeka ngqo kusawoti, itshe lemvelo linikeza ubuqiniso obuchaza ubuhle beklabhu yezikebhe zokunethezeka. Indlela ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa zombili izigaba zezinto ivame ukukhiqiza imiphumela emihle kakhulu iyonke.

Izinselele Ezikhethekile Zokusebenzisa I-Yacht Club Stone Zemvelo Yasolwandle (1)

Ukwelashwa Kokuvikela kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuvala Amatshe Asolwandle

Ama-Feature Sealers vs. Ukugqoka Okungaphezulu Kwetshe Lasogwini

**Ukukhethwa kwe-sealer kuthinta kakhulu ubude besikhathi samatshe ezindaweni zasolwandle.** Ama-sealer afaka i-inpregnating angena esakhiweni setshe futhi afake izindonga ze-pore ngamakhemikhali angena emanzini, okuvumela umhwamuko womswakama ukuba uphume ngenkathi kuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi. Lawa ma-sealer akhethwa ukusetshenziswa olwandle ngoba awabambi umswakama ngaphakathi kwetshe—indlela evamile yokwehluleka kwezingubo zokwakheka kwefilimu eziphuma ngaphansi kokuvezwa yi-UV ogwini.

Ukwembozwa kwendawo, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo ze-epoxy kanye ne-polyurethane, kunikeza isithiyo esinzima kodwa kwehluleka kakhulu lapho umswakama ubhajwa ngaphansi kwawo. Ezindaweni zeklabhu yezikebhe lapho ukujikeleza komswakama kuhlala njalo, ukwehluleka kokwembozwa kuvame ukwenzeka zingakapheli iminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-5. **Iziqondiso zokulawula ukugqwala ze-US Navy zincoma ukufaka ama-sealer e-silane/siloxane anokuqukethwe okusebenzayo okungu-40% okungenani ukuvikela amatshe asogwini,** aphinde asetshenziswe ngezikhathi zezinyanga eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-24 kuye ngokuthi ukuchayeka kungakanani.

Ukufakwa Kwezindlela Ezinhle Kakhulu Zokusebenzisa I-Marina kanye ne-Coastal Stone

Indlela yokufaka kumele ibhekele izidingo zokunyakaza okwandisiwe zamatshe asogwini. Amajoyinti okunweba kufanele abekwe ngezikhawu ezingamafidi angu-6 kuya kwangu-8—eduze kunendinganiso yesikhala esingafidi angu-10 kuya kwangu-12 yokufakwa kwangaphakathi. Zonke izinto zokujoyina kumele zibe yi-silicone yezinga lolwandle noma i-polyurethane sealant emelana nosawoti kanye nokuwohloka kwe-UV. I-caulking ejwayelekile iyonakala zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-12 lapho iguguleka ogwini futhi akufanele ichazwe.

Ukulungiswa kwe-substrate ezindaweni zasolwandle kudinga ukuvikelwa okuthuthukisiwe komswakama. I-membrane yokuvimbela umhwamuko elinganiselwe ukusetshenziswa kogu lolwandle kufanele ifakwe ngaphansi kwazo zonke izindawo zamatshe ezingeni lezinga. Kumadekhi aphezulu nama-terrace, izinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi ezinezingxenye ezingagqwali zivimbela ukunqwabelana kwamanzi ngaphansi kokufakwa kwamatshe. Incwadi Yemiyalelo YoMkhandlu WaseNyakatho Melika Wethayela inikeza iziqondiso ezithile zokufakwa kwamatshe endawo yasolwandle, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ze-mortar ezidingekayo kanye nezikhathi zokupholisa.

Amashejuli Okulungiswa Okuvamile Kwezindawo Zamatshe Zeklabhu Yezikebhe

**Imvamisa yokulungiswa kokufakwa kwamatshe ekilabhu yezikebhe idlula eyezindawo zangaphakathi ezweni ngesilinganiso esingu-2 kuya ku-3.** Ukuhlanza nsuku zonke izindawo ezivezwe usawoti emanzini ahlanzekile kuvimbela umonakalo wokwakheka kwamakristalu. Ukuhlanza masonto onke ngezihlanzi zamatshe zasemanzini ezingathathi hlangothi nge-pH kususa ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-organic deposits. Ukuhlolwa kwekota kobuqotho be-sealant kukhomba izinkinga ezikhulayo ngaphambi kokuba zidinge ukulungiswa okubanzi. Ukuhlolwa kobungcweti konyaka okuhlanganisa nokufundwa kwemitha yomswakama kulandelela isimo samatshe ngendlela eqotho.

Imvamisa yokulungisa incike ekutheni izimoto zihamba kangakanani kanye namazinga okuvezwa. Izindawo zokungena ezinabantu abaningi zingadinga ukucijwa kabusha njalo eminyakeni emi-3 kuya kwemi-5. Izindonga zangaphakathi ezivikelwe zingagcina ukubukeka iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-10. Umehluko oyinhloko ekunakekelweni kwezwe ukugcizelela ekuvimbeleni—**umonakalo kasawoti uqongelela ngokungabonakali iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ubonakale, lapho ukulahleka okukhulu kwamatshe sekuvele kwenzeke khona.** Ukunakekelwa okusheshayo kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa zesikhathi eside ngama-40 kuya kwangu-60%.

Izinselele Ezikhethekile Zokusebenzisa I-Yacht Club Stone Zemvelo Yasolwandle (2)

Hlola iKlabhu Yemikhumbi EhlobeneImikhiqizo Yamatshe

Ukuze kuqedwe ngaphakathi kweklabhu ye-yacht, izinketho ze-marble slab ezicwebezelisiwe zinikeza ukumbozwa kodonga okuhle kanye nezindawo ze-countertop. Ibhavu lamatshe kanye nezinto ze-spa zinikeza izinsiza ze-spa zokunethezeka ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngaphakathi. Ama-medallions emabula e-Waterjet adala izingcezu eziyinhloko zephansi zama-lobbies eklabhu ye-yacht. Ubuciko bodonga be-marble mosaic bunikeza izindawo zokuhlobisa ezigxile ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi nezokudlela.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nesicelo Se-Yacht Club Stone

Umbuzo 1: Ingabe imabula ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezindaweni zeklabhu yezikebhe eduze kolwandle?

Imabula ingasetshenziswa ezindaweni zangaphakathi zeklabhu yezikebhe ezivikelwe ekuchayweni ngqo kwamanzi anosawoti, njengezindawo zokwamukela izivakashi, amakamelo okudlela, kanye nezindawo zokuphumula. Ukuqeda okucwebezelisiwe kunconywa kakhulu. Ukuvalwa konyaka nge-silane sealer efaka amanzi kuyimpoqo. Imabula akufanele ichazwe ezindaweni zangaphandle, ezizungezile ichibi, noma ezindaweni ezinokufinyelela okuqondile kokufuthwa ngosawoti. I-Granite iyindlela ephephile yanoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwamamitha angu-50 ukusuka emanzini.

Umbuzo 2: Yiluphi uhlobo lwetshe olungcono kakhulu lwama-yacht club pool decks nama-terrace angaphandle?

I-granite ecolekile emuncwa amanzi ngaphansi kuka-0.20% iyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu sama-deck nama-terrace echibi. Ukuqeda okushisiwe noma okufakwe ngesando sehlathi kunikeza ukumelana nokushelela okuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-ADA uma kumanzi. Ama-granite amnyama ngokuphelele, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma asiliva anikeza ukuhlukahluka kobuhle. Amajoyinti okunwebeka ngezikhawu ezingamamitha ayi-1.2 avumela ukunyakaza kokushisa. I-sealer yokufaka umoya kufanele isetshenziswe kabusha njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ukuze kuvikelwe kahle.

Umbuzo 3: Isifutho sikasawoti silimaza kanjani ukufakwa kwamatshe emvelo?

Isifutho sikasawoti silimaza itshe ngokucindezela kokwakheka kwamakristalu. Amanzi kasawoti angena ezimbotsheni ezincane; lapho amanzi ehwamuka, amakristalu kasawoti akhula ngaphakathi kwezimbotshana, akhiqize ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okungaphezu kwe-100 MPa. Lokhu kucindezela kuphula itshe ngaphakathi, kubangele ukuqhekeka komphezulu, ukuqhekeka, kanye nokulahlekelwa imininingwane eqoshiwe. Izinga lomonakalo liyakhula ngokushisa, ukujikeleza komswakama, kanye nokuchitheka kwamagagasi ngqo. Ukuhlanza okuvimbelayo kanye nokuvala kahle kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulwa.

Umbuzo 4: Yiluphi uhlobo lwe-sealer olunikeza isivikelo esingcono kakhulu sokufakwa kwamatshe asogwini?

Ukufaka ama-sealers e-silane/siloxane aqukethe okungenani u-40% wokuqukethwe okusebenzayo kunikeza isivikelo esingcono kakhulu. Lawa ma-sealers angena etsheni futhi adale izikhala ezimbotsheni ezimanzi ngaphandle kokuvala ubuso. Ngokungafani nezingubo ezakha ifilimu, zivumela umusi womswakama ukuba uphume, okuvimbela ukulimala komswakama okubambekile. Ukusetshenziswa njalo ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-24 kugcina ukusebenza kahle. Izingubo ezimboziwe njenge-epoxy kufanele zigwenywe njengoba zibamba umswakama futhi zincipha ngaphansi kokuvezwa yi-UV ogwini.

Umbuzo 5: Kufanele zinakekelwe kangaki izitezi zamatshe zeklabhu yezikebhe?

Ukulungiswa kobungcweti kufanele kulandele isimiso esihleliwe: ukuhlanza nsuku zonke izindawo ezigcwele usawoti emanzini ahlanzekile, ukuhlanza i-pH masonto onke, ukuhlolwa kobuqotho be-sealer njalo ngekota, ukuhlolwa kobungcweti konyaka okuhlanganisa nokufundwa komswakama. Imvamisa yokulungiswa incike ekutheni izimoto zingakanani: iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 yokungena kwabantu abaningi, iminyaka emi-5 kuya kwemi-7 yezindawo zokudlela, iminyaka eyi-10+ yezindonga ezivikelwe. Ukulungiswa kokuvimbela kunciphisa izindleko zesikhathi eside ngo-40 kuya ku-60% uma kuqhathaniswa nokulungiswa okusabelayo.

Umbuzo 6: Ingabe ezinye izindlela zamatshe eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela zingcono kunetshe lemvelo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle?

I-quartz kanye ne-porcelain eziklanywe kahle zidlula itshe lemvelo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile: izindawo ezizungezile ichibi, imigoqo emanzi, izindawo zesevisi yokudla, nanoma iyiphi indawo evezwe kumakhemikhali echibi. Ezindongeni zesici, amadeski okwamukela izivakashi, kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa zangaphakathi, itshe lemvelo linikeza ubuhle obuhle kakhulu kanye nezakhiwo zokushisa. Indlela ehlanganisiwe yokukhetha izinto ngokwezimo ezithile zokuvezwa iveza imiphumela emihle kakhulu iyonke. Izinqumo kufanele zicabangele kokubili izidingo zokusebenza kanye nezinhloso zokuklama.

Isiphetho

Ukucacisa itshe lemvelo lezindawo zasolwandle zeklabhu yemikhumbi kudinga indlela ehluke ngokuphelele kunokufakwa kwamatshe avamile. Kusukela ekukhetheni i-granite okubeka phambili ukuminyana kokusanhlamvu kanye nokumbozwa okuphansi kuya ezinhlelweni zokufaka izivalo ezimelana nosawoti kanye nokuchayeka kwe-UV, isinqumo ngasinye kumele sibhekele izimo zasogwini ezinolaka. Ngokulandela izindlela zokukhetha izinto, imikhuba emihle yokufaka, kanye namashejuli okulungisa asebenzayo achazwe kulo mhlahlandlela, abakhi bezakhiwo kanye nabacacisi bangaletha ukufakwa kwamatshe eklabhu yemikhumbi esebenza ngokwethembeka amashumi eminyaka ngenkathi begcina ubuhle obuhle obulindelwe amakhasimende abo.